Society of Diabetic Nephropathy Prevention Journal of Nephropharmacology 2345-4202 15 2 2026 07 01 Local, regional, or general; a narrative review of anesthesia modalities for hemodialysis catheter placement e12826 e12826 10.34172/npj.2026.12826 EN Bahador Oshidari https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1957-279X Malihe Abniki https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3318-5111 Mohsen Soori https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4457-4386 Journal Article 10.34172/npj.2026.12826 2025 11 15 2026 02 03 Hemodialysis catheter placement is a critical procedure for patients with end-stage renal disease, often performed under varying anesthesia modalities depending on clinical context, patient comorbidities, and institutional protocols. This narrative review explores the comparative use of local, regional, and general anesthesia in the placement of tunneled and non-tunneled hemodialysis catheters. Drawing on studies indexed in reputable databases, we evaluated the efficacy, safety, procedural success, and patient-centered outcomes associated with each technique. Special attention is given to high-risk populations, including the elderly, pediatric patients, and those in critical care settings. Our findings suggest that while local anesthesia remains the most commonly used and resource-efficient approach, regional and general anesthesia may offer advantages in select populations, particularly where patient cooperation or procedural complexity is a concern. The review highlights the need for individualized anesthesia planning and calls for further prospective studies to establish evidence-based guidelines.